http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/05/25/oroumieh-lake-irans-largest-salt_n_866656.html#s283206
&title=Mideast_Iran_Environment
Oroumieh Lake, Iran's Largest, Turning To Salt
OROUMIEH LAKE, Iran (AP) -- From a hillside, Kamal Saadat looked
forlornly at hundreds of potential customers, knowing he could not
take them for trips in his boat to enjoy a spring weekend on
picturesque Oroumieh Lake, the third largest saltwater lake on earth.
"Look, the boat is stuck... It cannot move anymore," said Saadat,
gesturing to where it lay encased by solidifying salt and lamenting
that he could not understand why the lake was fading away.
The long popular lake, home to migrating flamingos, pelicans and
gulls, has shrunken by 60 percent and could disappear entirely in just
a few years, experts say - drained by drought, misguided irrigation
policies, development and the damming of rivers that feed it.
Until two years ago, Saadat supplemented his income from almond- and
grape-growing by taking tourists on boat tours. But as the lake
receded and its salinity rose, he found he had to stop the boat every
10 minutes to unfoul the propeller - and finally, he had to give up
this second job that he'd used to support a five-member family.
"The visitors were not enjoying such a boring trip," he said, noting
they had to cross hundreds of meters of salty lakebed just to reach
the boat from the wharf.
Other boatmen, too, have parked their vessels by their houses, where
they stand as sad reminders of the deep-water days. And the lake's
ebbing affects an ever-widening circle.
In April, authorities stopped activities at the nearby jetty in
Golmankhaneh harbor, due to lack of water in the lake, now only two
meters deep at its deepest. Jetties in Sharafkhaneh and Eslami harbors
faced the same fate.
The receding water has also weakened hotel business and tourism
activities in the area, and planned hotel projects remain idle since
investors are reluctant to continue.
Beyond tourism, the salt-saturated lake threatens agriculture nearby
in northwest Iran, as storms sometimes carry the salt far afield.
Many farmers worry about the future of their lands, which for
centuries have been famous for apples, grapes, walnuts, almonds,
onions, potatoes, as well as aromatic herbal drinks, candies and tasty
sweet pastes.
"The salty winds not only will affect surrounding areas but also can
damage farming in remote areas," said Masoud Mohammadian, an
agriculture official in the eastern part of the lake, some 370 miles
(600 kilometers) northwest of the capital Tehran.
Other officials echoed the dire forecast.
Salman Zaker, a parliament member for Oroumieh warned last month that,
"with the current trend, the risk of a salt tsunami is increasing."
Warning that the lake would dry out within three to five years - an
assessment agreed to by the local environment department director,
Hasan Abbasnejad - Zaker said eight to 10 billion tons of salt would
jeopardize life for millions of people.
Masoud Pezeshkian, another lawmaker and representative for city of
Tabriz in the eastern part of the lake said, "The lake has been drying
but neither government nor local officials took any step, so far."
How did this disaster develop, and what can be done now?
Official reports blame the drying mainly on a decade-long drought, and
peripherally on consumption of water of the feeding rivers for
farming. They put 5 percent of the blame on construction of dams and 3
percent on other factors. Others disagree about the relative blame.
The first alarm over the lake's shrinking came in late 1990s amid a
nagging drought.
Nonetheless, the government continued construction of 35 dams on the
rivers which feed the lake; 10 more dams are on the drawing boards for
the next few years.
Also completed was a lake-crossing roadway between Oroumieh and
Tabriz, cities on the west and east of the lake. No environmental
feasibility study was done in the planning for the road, and
environmentalists believe the project worsened the lake's health by
acting as a barrier to water circulation.
Nasser Agh, who teaches at Tabriz Sahand University, suggested
miscalculations led to late reaction to save the lake. "Experts
believed it would be a 10-year rotating drought, at first," he said.
But long afterward, the drought still persists, with devastating
effects.
In the early 2000s, academic research concluded that the lake could
face the same destiny as the Aral Sea in Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan,
which has been steadily shrinking since rivers that feed it were
diverted by Soviet Union irrigation projects in 1960s. It is now less
than one-tenth of its original size.
In April, the Iranian government announced a three-prong effort to
save the lake: a cloud-seeding program to increase rainfall in the
area, a lowering of water consumption by irrigation systems, and
supplying the lake with remote sources of water.
Mohammad Javad Mohammadizadeh, vice-president to President Mahmoud
Ahmadinejad in charge of environmental affairs, said the government
approved the three-part approach.
Some experts termed the weather control portion of the program as only
a "symbolic action" by government, saying the best answer would be to
release more water currently being held back by dams. The evaporation
rate has been three times the rainfall rate, making the rivers'
historic role vital to sustaining the lake.
"The lake is in such a misery because of the dams," Ismail Kahram, a
professor in Tehran Azad University and a prominent environmentalist,
told The Associated Press. Three-fifths of the lake has dried up and
salt saturation has reached some 350 milligrams per liter from 80
milligrams in 1970s, he said.
Kahram said the government should allow 20 percent of the water from
the dams to reach the lake.
Mostafa Ghanbari, secretary of the Society for Savior of the Lake
Oroumieh, believes transferring water from the Caspian Sea may be "the
only way to save" the lake. But such a project would be ambitious,
requiring the pumping of water some 430 miles (700 kilometers), from a
body of water at considerably lower elevation.
In the green and beautiful city of Oroumieh, famous for peaceful
coexistence between Azeri people, Kurds, Armenians, Assyrians as well
as Muslims and Christians, talk about the fate of the lake is common
among ordinary people in teahouses and on the streets.
Many express happiness with the government decision to manipulate
clouds in hopes of increasing rainfall.
"It is a good decision. Every evening I look at the dark clouds that
are coming and I tell my family soon there will be rain," and on some
nights there have been showers, said Masoud Ranjbar, a taxi driver.
However, Eskandar Khanjari, a local journalist in Oroumieh, called the
cloud-seeding plan "a show." He said recent rainfall was only
seasonal, as predicted by meteorologists.
Scoffing at the promises of officials and what he called "non-expert
views," he said of efforts to save the lake: "It seems that people
have only one way; to pray for rain."
Beyond the debates by national and local authorities some folks here
suggest another way Oroumieh could be saved.
A local legend says wild purple gladiolas have had a miraculous role
in doing just that. The flowers have grown every year for a thousand
years in the spot where a princess of Oroumieh was killed as she
warned the people of the city about an invading enemy.
As a recent sunset turned the lake golden, Kamal the boatman tried to
find some hope in the returning blossoms.
"You see, still wild purple gladiolas are appearing in the spring," he
said. "The city and its lake can eventually survive."
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